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Melencolia I (or Melancholia I using the modern spelling) is an engraving by the German Renaissance master Albrecht Dürer. It is an allegorical composition which has been the subject of many interpretations.
One interpretation suggests the image references the depressive or melancholy state and accordingly explains various elements of the picture. Among the most conspicuous are:
The tools of geometry and architecture surround the figure, unused
The 4 × 4 magic square, with the two middle cells of the bottom row giving the date of the engraving: 1514. This 4x4 magic square, as well as having traditional magic square rules, its four quadrants, corners and centers equal the same number, 34.
The truncated rhombohedron with a faint human skull on it. This shape is now known as Dürer's solid; over the years, there have been numerous articles disputing the precise shape of this polyhedron)
The hourglass showing time running out
The empty scale (balance)
The despondent winged figure of genius
The purse and keys
The beacon and rainbow in the sky
Mathematical knowledge is referenced by the use of the symbols: compass, geometrical solid, magic square, scale, hourglass.
Erwin Panofsky proposed the most authoritative interpretation of Melencolia I as Dürer's "spiritual self portrait". Panofsky also considers many of the objects of the picture to be Saturnian, the planet associated with melancholy; the magic square is a reference to Jupiter and alleviates the melancholic influence of Saturn.
Patrick Doorly has shown that the engraving is much indebted to Plato's Hippias Major and even more to Luca Pacioli's book De Divina Proportia.
David Finkelstein has suggested recently some new readings for various elements of the composition.
John Read has commented on the alchemic symbolism of the engraving. (wikipedia)
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